Great Military Battles (& Campaigns) in History

[bigtoughralf]

Glad we are in agreement.

No doubt jp4 will be along soon to celebrate India's anti-Muslim pogroms but one step at a time

[jusplay4fun]

We approach the 159th Anniversary of two key battles in the USA:

https://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/vicksburg-campaign#:~:text=The%20Siege%20of%20Vicksburg%20(May,Grant%20(1822%2D85).

Siege of Vicksburg
HISTORY.COM EDITORSUPDATED:APR 15, 2020ORIGINAL:NOV 9, 2009

The Siege of Vicksburg (May 18, 1863-July 4, 1863) was a decisive Union victory during the American Civil War (1861-65) that divided the confederacy and cemented the reputation of Union General Ulysses S. Grant (1822-85). Union forces waged a campaign to take the Confederate stronghold of Vicksburg, Mississippi, which lay on the east bank of the Mississippi River, halfway between Memphis to the north and New Orleans to the south. The 47-day siege gave control of the Mississippi River to the Union, a critical supply line, and was part of the Union’s Anaconda Plan to cut off outside trade to the Confederacy.

How Did The Siege of Vicksburg Start?
Vicksburg was one of the Union Army’s most successful campaigns of the American Civil War. The Vicksburg campaign was also one of the longest.

[jimboston]

Glad we are in agreement.

No doubt jp4 will be along soon to celebrate India's anti-Muslim pogroms but one step at a time

I guess…

I mean if by “in agreement” you mean to say that I think you’re capable of making solid arguments at times… yes.

As previously stated though… your initial characterization of the situation in India was short-sighted and had no depth nor nuance.

[jusplay4fun]

same source; History.com

Did you know? After the residents of Vicksburg dug over 500 caves in the hills around the city and began living in them, Union soldiers started to refer to the town as "Prairie Dog Village."

Who Won The Battle of Vicksburg?
Grant made some attacks after bottling Vicksburg but found the Confederates well entrenched. Preparing for a long siege, his army constructed 15 miles of trenches and enclosed Pemberton’s force of 29,000 men inside the perimeter. It was only a matter of time before Grant, with 70,000 troops, captured Vicksburg. Attempts to rescue Pemberton and his force failed from both the east and west, and conditions for both military personnel and civilians deteriorated rapidly. Many residents moved to tunnels dug from the hillsides to escape the constant bombardments. Pemberton surrendered on July 4, 1863, and President Abraham Lincoln (1809-65) wrote that the Mississippi River “again goes unvexed to the sea.”

The town of Vicksburg would not celebrate the Fourth of July for 81 years.

[bigtoughralf]

Glad we are in agreement.

No doubt jp4 will be along soon to celebrate India's anti-Muslim pogroms but one step at a time

I guess…

I mean if by “in agreement” you mean to say that I think you’re capable of making solid arguments at times… yes.

As previously stated though… your initial characterization of the situation in India was short-sighted and had no depth nor nuance.

If I had a penny for every time someone begrudgingly conceded my wisdom I'd have premium.

[ConfederateSS]

We approach the 159th Anniversary of two key battles in the USA:

https://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/vicksburg-campaign#:~:text=The%20Siege%20of%20Vicksburg%20(May,Grant%20(1822%2D85).

Siege of Vicksburg
HISTORY.COM EDITORSUPDATED:APR 15, 2020ORIGINAL:NOV 9, 2009

The Siege of Vicksburg (May 18, 1863-July 4, 1863) was a decisive Union victory during the American Civil War (1861-65) that divided the confederacy and cemented the reputation of Union General Ulysses S. Grant (1822-85). Union forces waged a campaign to take the Confederate stronghold of Vicksburg, Mississippi, which lay on the east bank of the Mississippi River, halfway between Memphis to the north and New Orleans to the south. The 47-day siege gave control of the Mississippi River to the Union, a critical supply line, and was part of the Union’s Anaconda Plan to cut off outside trade to the Confederacy.

How Did The Siege of Vicksburg Start?
Vicksburg was one of the Union Army’s most successful campaigns of the American Civil War. The Vicksburg campaign was also one of the longest.

---------------- Vicksburg and Gettysburg go together..... Although Gettysburg was a Confederate Campaign North....Which was to hit a Union Supply hub....But for a few Confederate soldiers looking for shoes at a near by shoe factory....Events would unfold as more and more Union and Confederate forces would converge on Gettysburg,kicking of the Largest battle ever fought in North America,maybe the Western Hemisphere...LEE should have ordered his men back to the original plan of attacking the main supply hub of the Union in the East....
--------------- As For General Pemberton....He lost an engagement in Mississippi.....He had two choices....Head for the city of Vicksburg, reinforce it's garrison.....Or head north....To join Confederate General J.O. Shelby(who never lost a battle against the Union....Rock Hudson's character Col. Langdon,in John Wayne's movie The Undefeated...is based on.)...As Shelby was disrupting Union supplies in the area... Together the 2 of them attacking Union Supplies....Would have forced Gen.Grant/Union....To head back North away from Vicksburg....For Grant wouldn't of been able to supply his assault on Vicksburg...
------------ But Gen. Pemberton headed for Vicksburg....Grant and Union Gun boats would Pound the City for 47 days... Finally Gen. Pemberton said...He would fight to the death, order his men to...But he could no longer watch the People of Vicksburg starve...So He Surrendered....When Grant entered the city.....He refused to take Confederate prisoners...He said...."They have suffered enough."...
-----------------Yes, the citizens of Vicksburg did not fly the Stars and Stripes ,they never forget the 47 days of bombardment,not until The Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor....The USA entering WW2.....On July 4th ,1942 , the Stars and Stripes was raised over the Vicksburg City Hall...For Patriotism for America in WW2.....
---------------- With the Union Blockade of the SOUTH.....The Taking of Vicksburg was Vital, cut Louisiana,But most important Texas, Texas cattle from the SOUTH.....Later in the East ,Sherman would destroy the Farmland....The SOUTH was starving all over...But the last battle of The War Between The States...Was a Confederate Victory...Palmaro Ranch...
--------I was going to put the Battle of The Little Big Horn in this thread...For Like The Confederate Victory at Palmaro Ranch....A Native American Victory at the Little Big Horn....But it brought the nail in the coffin, for the fight for the Plains,end of a way of life for Native America...For Waves of U.S. soldiers poured into to fight out West...When Cheif Joseph went to Washington D.C...Saw how big Cities were, millions of people...He saw with his own eyes...That the waves of U.S. soldiers was endless... ...... ConfederateSS.out!(The Blue and Silver Rebellion)...

[jusplay4fun]

I will post about Gettysburg later. (And I had planned to do so, before ConfedSS brought up that battle, btw.)

Vicksburg and Gettysburg battles were the Inflection Point(s) of the American Civil War as the South was doomed to lose the War from that point, July 4, 1863.

[Dukasaur]

Vicksburg and Gettysburg battles were the Inflection Point(s) of the American Civil War as the South was doomed to lose the War from that point, July 4, 1863.

The South was doomed to lose the war from the opening salvo at Fort Sumter. It was a war between a 17th century agrarian economy and a 19th century military-industrial complex. Just like Japan in WWII, the South may have enjoyed some great tactical victories but it was doomed to ultimately lose the war to the power of American industry.

[jusplay4fun]

Vicksburg and Gettysburg battles were the Inflection Point(s) of the American Civil War as the South was doomed to lose the War from that point, July 4, 1863.

The South was doomed to lose the war from the opening salvo at Fort Sumter. It was a war between a 17th century agrarian economy and a 19th century military-industrial complex. Just like Japan in WWII, the South may have enjoyed some great tactical victories but it was doomed to ultimately lose the war to the power of American industry.

A victory by Lee and his southern Troops at Gettysburg MAY have been enough for Lincoln to lose support and the war MAY have gone differently as people in the North thought the price to END the war with Victory was TOO high.

But you are correct, Duk, in that the major advantages, especially of economies and manufacturing, were nearly all for the North. The South had better military leaders and the North had largely incompetent ones until Grant took over the Campaign in the DC-Richmond corridor. Having Sherman and Sheridan helped, too, for competent Leadership. Until 1863, many of the battles resulted in Union (Northern) losses and an overall stalemate, especially in that DC-Richmond corridor.

(BTW: I live in that DC-Richmond corridor, so I am surrounded by many of the relevant battlefields. I also visited Gettysburg recently. I have viewed other battlefields and want to see more.)

[ConfederateSS]

Vicksburg and Gettysburg battles were the Inflection Point(s) of the American Civil War as the South was doomed to lose the War from that point, July 4, 1863.

The South was doomed to lose the war from the opening salvo at Fort Sumter. It was a war between a 17th century agrarian economy and a 19th century military-industrial complex. Just like Japan in WWII, the South may have enjoyed some great tactical victories but it was doomed to ultimately lose the war to the power of American industry.

------------No Jp4fun....DUK is 100% correct....The SOUTH lost as soon as they attacked Fort Sumpter...
------------ For one gleaming point....That is made very clear in the Movie/book....Gone With The Wind...by Rhett Butler..in the study when a group were discussing the SOUTH, beating the Yankees....After they were all PEPT up...Butler makes the great remark to down their spirits...."THERE IS NOT ONE CANNON FACTORY IN THE SOUTH!!!"....
------------ Lincoln had no interest in prevoking The SOUTH...If they would of left Fort Sumpter alone....I doubt Lincoln would have sent troops South....In his speech the day he took office...He did not talk about slavery, that was not a point in the fighting a war... Lincoln talked about The CSA succession, the 5 states that left the Union...the rest left after He became President......Lincoln hoped they would vote to return to the Union sometime on their own...
----------- Lincoln was right....For by the 20th century...The SOUTH would have been begging to rejoin the Union, the same way the country of Texas joined,after leaving Mexico... Because the SOUTH could have never survived, economically on their own...The NORTH and SOUTH needed each other...Much the same way , they needed each other when The USA declared it's Independence from England, when looking for Spanish and French allies....A division between the NORTHERN and SOUTHERN colonies... wouldn't of made America looked serious...That is why Thomas Jefferson had to rewrite the Declaration of Independence...So instead of of America's Independence Day being July 1st like Canada...The delay...Made July 4th, America's Birthday.... .... ConfederateSS.out!(The Blue and Silver Rebellion)...
----------Now, that said.....A War was fought....As the Battlefields grew across AMERICA...As the Little Big Horn Monument.... Honors all Warriors......All Warriors who fought In The War Between The States should be Honored.... Winning battles way outnumbered, is How Generals like LEE, STONEWALL showed their military brilliance....How Generals Sydney Johnson ,CSA sent his own doctor to take care of Union prisoners,he bled to death...He thought of other Americans, over his own life.... General Grant,USA...After Vicksburg,not taking Confederates prisoners...They , Americans,had suffered enough...All Warriors who fought, From all over....Brother against Brother, Father against Son....In A WAR NOBODY WON...When the War Between The States was fought.....For no one says...This many Confederates died, or this many Yankees died...those who fought in the war, African Americans on both sides, Mexicans, Native Americans,.Irish from Ireland,Others from other places from around the world...CSA...What do they say about the death toll.....700,000 Americans died in the war.... Americans...all who died, when you fight you become Americans , All American Warriors should be Honored for their Bravery.. on the field of battle........:):)

[jusplay4fun]

If you want to speak intelligently, at least SPELL correctly the Fort and Battle that essentially began THAT war.

Battle of Fort Sumter
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

[jusplay4fun]

Vicksburg and Gettysburg battles were the Inflection Point(s) of the American Civil War as the South was doomed to lose the War from that point, July 4, 1863.

The South was doomed to lose the war from the opening salvo at Fort Sumter. It was a war between a 17th century agrarian economy and a 19th century military-industrial complex. Just like Japan in WWII, the South may have enjoyed some great tactical victories but it was doomed to ultimately lose the war to the power of American industry.

------------No Jp4fun....DUK is 100% correct....The SOUTH lost as soon as they attacked Fort Sumpter...
------------ For one gleaming point....That is made very clear in the Movie/book....Gone With The Wind...by Rhett Butler..in the study when a group were discussing the SOUTH, beating the Yankees....After they were all PEPT up...Butler makes the great remark to down their spirits...."THERE IS NOT ONE CANNON FACTORY IN THE SOUTH!!!"....
------------ Lincoln had no interest in prevoking The SOUTH...If they would of left Fort Sumpter alone....I doubt Lincoln would have sent troops South....In his speech the day he took office...He did not talk about slavery, that was not a point in the fighting a war... Lincoln talked about The CSA succession, the 5 states that left the Union...the rest left after He became President......Lincoln hoped they would vote to return to the Union sometime on their own...
----------- Lincoln was right....For by the 20th century...The SOUTH would have been begging to rejoin the Union, the same way the country of Texas joined,after leaving Mexico... Because the SOUTH could have never survived, economically on their own...The NORTH and SOUTH needed each other...Much the same way , they needed each other when The USA declared it's Independence from England, when looking for Spanish and French allies....A division between the NORTHERN and SOUTHERN colonies... wouldn't of made America looked serious...That is why Thomas Jefferson had to rewrite the Declaration of Independence...So instead of of America's Independence Day being July 1st like Canada...The delay...Made July 4th, America's Birthday.... .... ConfederateSS.out!(The Blue and Silver Rebellion)...
----------Now, that said.....A War was fought....As the Battlefields grew across AMERICA...As the Little Big Horn Monument.... Honors all Warriors......All Warriors who fought In The War Between The States should be Honored.... Winning battles way outnumbered, is How Generals like LEE, STONEWALL showed their military brilliance....How Generals Sydney Johnson ,CSA sent his own doctor to take care of Union prisoners,he bled to death...He thought of other Americans, over his own life.... General Grant,USA...After Vicksburg,not taking Confederates prisoners...They , Americans,had suffered enough...All Warriors who fought, From all over....Brother against Brother, Father against Son....In A WAR NOBODY WON...When the War Between The States was fought.....For no one says...This many Confederates died, or this many Yankees died...those who fought in the war, African Americans on both sides, Mexicans, Native Americans,.Irish from Ireland,Others from other places from around the world...CSA...What do they say about the death toll.....700,000 Americans died in the war.... Americans...all who died, when you fight you become Americans , All American Warriors should be Honored for their Bravery.. on the field of battle........:):)

If you want to speak intelligently, at least SPELL correctly the Fort and Battle that essentially began THAT war.

Battle of Fort Sumter
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Battle of Fort Sumter (April 12–13, 1861) was the bombardment of Fort Sumter near Charleston, South Carolina by the South Carolina militia. It ended with the surrender by the United States Army, beginning the American Civil War.

Following the declaration of secession by South Carolina on December 20, 1860, its authorities demanded that the U.S. Army abandon its facilities in Charleston Harbor. On December 26, Major Robert Anderson of the U.S. Army surreptitiously moved his small command from the vulnerable Fort Moultrie on Sullivan's Island to Fort Sumter, a substantial fortress built on an island controlling the entrance of Charleston Harbor. An attempt by U.S. President James Buchanan to reinforce and resupply Anderson using the unarmed merchant ship Star of the West failed when it was fired upon by shore batteries on January 9, 1861. South Carolina authorities then seized all Federal property in the Charleston area except for Fort Sumter.

No one KNOWS for SURE what may have happened if this or that occurred, as opposed to the current trajectory of time. This is especially true in Battles and in Wars. Hence the discussions in THIS Thread. We have the advantage of Hindsight, which, a wise man told me, has 20/20 vision and not 2020 [COVID] vision).

Also, ConfedSS said:

In A WAR NOBODY WON

Really? go back and study History. There was a clear winner and a clear loser on the battlefield. Look at the Surrender at Appomattox, a place I visited many years ago.

On April 9, 1865 after four years of Civil War, approximately 630,000 deaths and over 1 million casualties, General Robert E. Lee surrendered the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia to Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant, at the home of Wilmer and Virginia McLean in the rural town of Appomattox Court House, Virginia. General Lee arrived at the McLean home shortly after 1:00 p.m. followed a half hour later by General Grant. The meeting lasted approximately an hour and a half.

https://www.nps.gov/apco/the-surrender.htm

Appomattox County, VA | Apr 9, 1865
Trapped by the Federals near Appomattox Court House, Confederate general Robert E. Lee surrendered his army to Union general Ulysses S. Grant, precipitating the capitulation of other Confederate forces and leading to the end of the bloodiest conflict in American history.

How it ended
Union victory. Lee’s formal surrender to Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865, brought the war in Virginia to an end. While this event is considered the most significant surrender of the Civil War, several other Confederate commanders had to capitulate and negotiate paroles and amnesty for Southern combatants before President Andrew Johnson could officially proclaim an end to the Civil War. That formal declaration occurred sixteen months after Appomattox, on August 20, 1866.

https://www.battlefields.org/learn/civil-war/battles/appomattox-court-house

Speak and post intelligent things, ConfedSS. Get your facts and spelling CHECKED, please.

[jonesthecurl]

[quote]Speak and post intelligent things, ConfedSS. Get your facts and spelling CHECKED, please.[quote]

Talk about 'Lost Cause'!

[jusplay4fun]

Speak and post intelligent things, ConfedSS. Get your facts and spelling CHECKED, please.

Talk about 'Lost Cause'!

There were more misspelled words, but I focused on the MAIN one, Jonesy.

And good "double entendre" too, Jonesy.

And I had to point out the WINNER and Loser, too. That was odd; I thought ConfedSS claimed to be a History major.

AND ConfedSS said, in the SAME post:

The SOUTH lost as soon as

[jusplay4fun]

Battle of Gettysburg, anniversary of its start is today:

Adams County, PA | Jul 1 - 3, 1863
The Battle of Gettysburg marked the turning point of the Civil War. With more than 50,000 estimated casualties, the three-day engagement was the bloodiest single battle of the conflict.

How it ended
Union victory. Gettysburg ended Confederate general Robert E. Lee’s ambitious second quest to invade the North and bring the Civil War to a swift end. The loss there dashed the hopes of the Confederate States of America to become an independent nation.

In context
After a year of defensive victories in Virginia, Lee’s objective was to win a battle north of the Mason-Dixon line in the hopes of forcing a negotiated end to the fighting. His loss at Gettysburg prevented him from realizing that goal. Instead, the defeated general fled south with a wagon train of wounded soldiers straining toward the Potomac. Union general Meade failed to pursue the retreating army, missing a critical opportunity to trap Lee and force a Confederate surrender. The bitterly divisive war raged on for another two years.

Day one battles were mostly minor skirmishes in the North of the town; Days 2 & 3 is when the heaviest and bloodiest battles occurred. As I already said, I visited the battlefield. It is HUGE and my daughter, after our tour, was SO GLAD that I got the bus ride TOUR and we did not WALK the battlefield. I told her that I had heard and read that it is really too large to walk. Our bus was not able to tour the northern (Day One) battle sites, so I did not get there. The roads in that area are TOO narrow for large buses.

One of most lasting memories is how many STONE markers are there. My conclusion is that so many survivors wanted to remember their fallen colleagues and brothers (often families were in the same unit) and brothers-in-arms. I read that that battlefield has more stone markers than any other battlefield in North America.

https://www.nps.gov/gett/learn/historyculture/confederate-monuments.htm

https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/10-facts-gettysburg

https://www.battlefields.org/learn/video/guided-tour-gettysburg-battlefield Video

One other note, while there, I met my exchange student from Germany. He was back in the USA to visit his host family and they took him to Gettysburg and he came up to me to say hello. It was NEAT to see HIM there, of all places.

[ConfederateSS]

--------- Jp4fun... Sometimes I am flying through...Forget to go back...Yes, I am Human...OH, no..I make mistakes....Sometimes...it is the spell check that changes the word spelling...Once again, sometimes I forget to go back.. Because, I am trying to do 2 or 3 things at once ...Type,go back to doing things in real life...When I get back on...The People who never make mistakes are on , throwing stones...I pity you perfect people...You have hard lives... ...
------------ As for Nobody Won....Not the country...The people....No one wins in a Civil War....When Countrymen fight each other.... Because Not just metaphorically.... Literally...Father fought son... Brother fought Brother....You go ahead Mr.Perfect for Fun...Tell me how families ripped apart...Ever come to a Winning Conclusion...Or couldn't your mind come to such an Aspect of The War Between The States....You might want to Listen to the Words of Johnny Cash...GOD BLESS ROBERT E. LEE....He stopped the fighting...He just couldn't watch the Horror anymore...LEE stopped the fighting...Of Brothers killing Brothers...Fathers killing Sons....The SOUTH still hasn't recovered from The War Between The States...Even with Reconstruction...and Decades and Decades...of time...Which Is America!!!!All America...You can't win if you fight yourself...
------------ TODAY....How divided Is The USA in the 21st Century???....On top of that....How many Americans kill Americans throughout American streets all over???...In an unofficial Civil War...The War Between The States was Americans killing Americans...Are Americans still Killing Americans in 2022 A.D...???...YES!!!!!....
------------ I leave The Ann. Of Getystbeftgfdxcfhctrdxgvjurg...Up to you...Tip of the Cap.... .... ConfederateSS.out!(The Blue and Silver Rebellion)...

[jusplay4fun]

ConfedSS,

Yes, RIP (criticize) me because I ask you to check the spelling of a key place and battle in History. That makes sense; .....NOT. Tell me that you do realize that

1) people RIP you for sounding unintelligent, and that bad spelling gives people THAT impression. That is especially true of a basic POINT of your issue. The shelling of Fort Sumter is a key point in US History, and I have know how to spell it correctly since at least grade 8, if not sooner. And I checked; you misspelled it at least twice before I decided to point out your error. Once is an inadvertent error; twice is the start of a trend and affirmation of the first mistake.

2) Of course in WAR everyone LOSES, even the winners. AND You will USE that excuse to say the NORTH (Union) DID NOT WIN It? You may be partly correct, but that does not render the final verdict incorrect. The South LOST the war; why else is it called the LOST Cause?

3) If you are distracted, then I suggest that you do not post until you have had a chance to CHECK. And if there is a delay, you can save the text elsewhere (and maybe USE Spelling and Grammar checker, too?? What a NOVEL idea.)

4) Typing consistently in large font size diminishes its impact. Perhaps normal font may make you seem less shrill and perhaps others will pay more attention to your actual words and ideas and be less distracted by your overuse of large font sizes..?? I D K. May be you know how to write better, communicate more effectively than I, and can articulate your ideas better...???? Who I am to JUDGE?

[jusplay4fun]

After a year of defensive victories in Virginia, Lee’s objective was to win a battle north of the Mason-Dixon line in the hopes of forcing a negotiated end to the fighting. His loss at Gettysburg prevented him from realizing that goal. Instead, the defeated general fled south with a wagon train of wounded soldiers straining toward the Potomac. Union general Meade failed to pursue the retreating army, missing a critical opportunity to trap Lee and force a Confederate surrender. The bitterly divisive war raged on for another two years.

After Gettyburg Battle:

1) US Grant took command of the main battles in the East, and mostly in my state of Virginia. (btw: I live near many of these battlefields and have visited many of them. I have several left to see.)

2) R.E. Lee never mounted another offensive threat into the Northern Union states again after 1863. The rest of the war was basically the "End game" with TOO many more casualties. Grant marched toward Richmond, the Capital of the Confederacy, and Lee kept trying to keep him away. (I want to see the battlefield at Cold Harbor, nearby me.)

Hanover County, VA | May 31 - Jun 12, 1864
As Union forces advanced toward Richmond in the spring of 1864, Gen. Robert E. Lee’s Confederate army repulsed and outmaneuvered Gen. Ulysses S. Grant’s troops at Cold Harbor in a devastating two-week action that cost more than 17,000 lives.

How it ended
Confederate victory. The Union failed to penetrate Confederate defenses in a fierce fight. Despite the staggering losses at Cold Harbor, Grant managed to withdraw his troops and then deceive the Confederates for days as his army stealthily crossed the James River and marched towards Petersburg.

In context
In the summer of 1864, the Union Army of the Potomac was fighting its way south toward Richmond, Virginia. In a series of battles collectively known as the Overland Campaign, the Federals had suffered more than 50,000 casualties but had also forced Robert E. Lee’s Confederate veterans to abandon much of northern Virginia. The small crossroads of Cold Harbor, just 10 miles north of Richmond, became the focal point of the action in late May. From May 31–June 3, Ulysses S. Grant ordered repeated attacks against entrenched Confederate positions, culminating in an enormously bloody repulse on June 3. Both armies held their ground and kept up a withering fire between the lines until June 12, at which point Grant withdrew but continued to move east and south. The Army of the Potomac crossed the James River and, by June 16, was in position to directly threaten the manufacturing and rail center of Petersburg—a critical gateway to Richmond.

https://www.battlefields.org/learn/civil-war/battles/cold-harbor

and:

Douglas Southall Freeman (1886–1953)
SUMMARY
Douglas Southall Freeman was a biographer, a newspaper editor, a nationally renowned military analyst, and a pioneering radio broadcaster. The son of a Confederate veteran, Freeman is best known as a historian of the American Civil War (1861–1865) and, in particular, of the high command of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. Freeman wrote an acclaimed four-volume biography of Robert E. Lee that received the Pulitzer Prize in Biography in 1935 but which has been criticized as helping to fuel the mythology of the Lost Cause. As an influential newspaper editorial writer and radio broadcaster for much of the first half of the twentieth century, Freeman supported racial segregation and the eugenics movement. Freeman died of a heart attack on June 13, 1953, and was buried in Richmond’s Hollywood Cemetery. He received his second Pulitzer Prize posthumously in 1958 for his seven-volume biography of George Washington.

(...)

In 1911, an acquaintance unexpectedly delivered to him a cache of long-lost wartime communications between Lee and Confederate president Jefferson Davis. Lee’s Dispatches (1915) turned Freeman into an overnight sensation among Confederate historians and led to an invitation from the New York publisher Charles Scribner’s Sons to write a biography of Lee. Rather than surrender any of his journalistic responsibilities—after an astounding rise, he became editor of the News Leader in 1915—Freeman instead worked longer days. He researched Lee exhaustively and narrated the general’s Civil War years using what came to be known as the “fog of war” technique. By providing readers only the limited information that Lee himself had at a given moment, Freeman emphasized the confusion of war and the processes by which Lee grappled with problems and made decisions.

R. E. Lee appeared in four volumes in 1934–1935. The New York Times judged the work “Lee Complete for All Time,” and Freeman was awarded the 1935 Pulitzer Prize for Biography. The work established the foundation for the “Virginia School” of Civil War scholarship, marked by an emphasis on the Eastern Theater of the war and an attention to generals at the expense of fighting men. Freeman’s books showed a preference for campaigns over social and political history and a sympathy for his Confederate subjects that was greater than that of many later historians. In particular, his failure to grapple with the role of slavery in the war and his elevation of Lee to near-mythological status have been criticized as helping to fuel the mythology of the Lost Cause.

Freeman followed his biography of Lee with the critically acclaimed three-volume Lee’s Lieutenants (1942–1944), a distinctive combination of military strategy, multiple biography, and Civil War history. This work established him as the nation’s preeminent military historian and led to close friendships with U.S. generals George C. Marshall and Dwight D. Eisenhower.

As editor of the News Leader, Freeman wrote 600,000 words of editorial copy every year from 1915 until 1949—sometimes up to five editorials a day—earning national acclaim for his analysis of world affairs. He also had a twice-daily radio program that made him one of the most influential men in Virginia. Historian Richard Harwell noted that “Dr. Freeman’s” broadcasts were “an essential of the Virginian breakfast.”

https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/freeman-douglas-southall-1886-1953/

[jusplay4fun]

I have to post this; I found a YouTube Video on the A-10 Warthog, flown by the US Air Force:



also:

Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II is a single-seat, twin-turbofan, straight-wing, subsonic attack aircraft developed by Fairchild Republic for the United States Air Force (USAF). In service since 1976, it is named for the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt, a World War II-era fighter-bomber effective at attacking ground targets, but commonly referred to as the "Warthog" or "Hog".[4] The A-10 was designed to provide close air support (CAS) to friendly ground troops by attacking armored vehicles, tanks, and other enemy ground forces; it is the only production-built aircraft designed solely for CAS to have served with the U.S. Air Force.[5] Its secondary mission is to direct other aircraft in attacks on ground targets, a role called forward air controller-airborne; aircraft used primarily in this role are designated OA-10.

The A-10 was intended to improve on the performance and firepower of the Douglas A-1 Skyraider. Its airframe was designed for durability, with measures such as 1,200 pounds (540 kg) of titanium armor to protect the cockpit and aircraft systems, enabling it to absorb damage and continue flying. Its ability to take off and land from relatively short runways permits operation from airstrips close to the front lines, and its simple design enables maintenance with minimal facilities.

The A-10 served in the First Gulf War (Operation Desert Storm), the American–led intervention against Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, where the aircraft distinguished itself. The A-10 also participated in other conflicts such as in Grenada, the Balkans, Afghanistan, Iraq, and against the Islamic State in the Middle East.

The A-10A single-seat variant was the only version produced, though one pre-production airframe was modified into the YA-10B twin-seat prototype to test an all-weather night-capable version. In 2005, a program was started to upgrade the remaining A-10A aircraft to the A-10C configuration, with modern avionics for use with precision weaponry. The U.S. Air Force had stated the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II would replace the A-10 as it entered service, but this remains highly contentious within the USAF and in political circles. With a variety of upgrades and wing replacements, the A-10's service life can be extended to 2040; the service has no planned retirement date as of June 2017.[6]

(...)

and more, about its gun and weapons:

Weapons

Although the A-10 can carry a considerable amount of munitions, its primary built-in weapon is the 30×173 mm GAU-8/A Avenger autocannon. One of the most powerful aircraft cannons ever flown, it fires large depleted uranium armor-piercing shells. The GAU-8 is a hydraulically driven seven-barrel rotary cannon designed specifically for the anti-tank role with a high rate of fire. The cannon's original design could be switched by the pilot to 2,100 or 4,200 rounds per minute;[75] this was later changed to a fixed rate of 3,900 rounds per minute.[76] The cannon takes about half a second to reach top speed, so 50 rounds are fired during the first second, 65 or 70 rounds per second thereafter. The gun is accurate enough to place 80 percent of its shots within a 40-foot (12.4 m) diameter circle from 4,000 feet (1,220 m) while in flight.[77] The GAU-8 is optimized for a slant range of 4,000 feet (1,220 m) with the A-10 in a 30-degree dive.[78]

The fuselage of the aircraft is built around the cannon. The GAU-8/A is mounted slightly to the port side; the barrel in the firing location is on the starboard side at the 9 o'clock position so it is aligned with the aircraft's centerline. The gun's 5-foot, 11.5-inch (1.816 m) ammunition drum can hold up to 1,350 rounds of 30 mm ammunition,[62] but generally holds 1,174 rounds.[78] To protect the GAU-8/A rounds from enemy fire, armor plates of differing thicknesses between the aircraft skin and the drum are designed to detonate incoming shells.[62][68]

The AGM-65 Maverick air-to-surface missile is a commonly used munition for the A-10, targeted via electro-optical (TV-guided) or infrared. The Maverick allows target engagement at much greater ranges than the cannon, and thus less risk from anti-aircraft systems. During Desert Storm, in the absence of dedicated forward-looking infrared (FLIR) cameras for night vision, the Maverick's infrared camera was used for night missions as a "poor man's FLIR".[79] Other weapons include cluster bombs and Hydra 70 rocket pods.[80] The A-10 is equipped to carry GPS- and laser-guided bombs, such as the GBU-39 Small Diameter Bomb, Paveway series bombs, Joint Direct Attack Munitions (JDAM), Wind Corrected Munitions Dispenser and AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon glide bombs.[81] A-10s usually fly with an ALQ-131 Electronic countermeasures (ECM) pod under one wing and two AIM-9 Sidewinder air-to-air missiles for self-defense under the other wing.[82]

[Dukasaur]

When I was in Tucson in 1991, I was driving down some random country road when an A-10 Warthog suddenly appeared to my right. Over the next 4 or 5 minutes, I watched in amazement as he did a full-on aeronautical display of backflips, tailslides, and rolls. Whenever you read about the Warthog, authors use words like "clumsy" and "ungainly." This looked anything but clumsy or ungainly. If anything, it reminded me of dolphins playing in the water.

[2dimes]

Brrrrrrrrrrrtt

[jusplay4fun]

Brrrrrrrrrrrtt

Check out this video, 10:30, total time, as I recall. LOTS of Brrrrrrrrrrrrtt..!!

[jusplay4fun]

Crimean War
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_War

The Crimean War[e] (October 1853 - February 1856)[4] was a military conflict in which Russia was defeated by an allied force consisting of the Ottoman Empire, United Kingdom, Piedmont-Sardinia, and France. The immediate cause of the war involved the rights of Christian minorities in Palestine (then part of the Ottoman Empire) with the French promoting the rights of Roman Catholics, and Russia promoting those of the Eastern Orthodox Church. Longer-term causes involved the decline of the Ottoman Empire, the expansion of the Russian Empire in the preceding Russo-Turkish Wars, and the British and French preference to preserve the Ottoman Empire to maintain the balance of power in the Concert of Europe.

The churches worked out their differences with the Ottomans and came to an agreement, but both the French Emperor Napoleon III and the Russian Tsar Nicholas I refused to back down. Nicholas issued an ultimatum that demanded the Orthodox subjects of the Ottoman Empire be placed under his protection. Britain attempted to mediate and arranged a compromise to which Nicholas agreed. When the Ottomans demanded changes to the agreement, Nicholas recanted and prepared for war.

In July 1853, Russian troops occupied the Danubian Principalities[4] (now part of Romania but then under Ottoman suzerainty). In October 1853, having obtained promises of support from France and Britain, the Ottomans declared war on Russia.[5] Led by Omar Pasha, the Ottomans fought a strong defensive campaign and stopped the Russian advance at Silistra (now in Bulgaria). A separate action on the fort town of Kars, in Western Armenia, led to a siege, and an Ottoman attempt to reinforce the garrison was destroyed by a Russian fleet at the Battle of Sinop in November 1853. Fearing an Ottoman collapse, the British and the French had their fleets enter the Black Sea in January 1854.[6] They moved north to Varna in June 1854 and arrived just in time for the Russians to abandon Silistra.

After a minor skirmish at Köstence (now Constanța), the allied commanders decided to attack Russia's main naval base in the Black Sea, Sevastopol, on the Crimean Peninsula. After extended preparations, allied forces landed on the peninsula in September 1854 and marched their way to a point south of Sevastopol after they had won the Battle of the Alma on 20 September 1854. The Russians counterattacked on 25 October in what became the Battle of Balaclava and were repulsed, but the British Army's forces were seriously depleted as a result. A second Russian counterattack, at Inkerman (November 1854), ended in a stalemate as well. The front settled into the siege of Sevastopol, involving brutal conditions for troops on both sides. Smaller military actions took place in the Baltic (1854–1856; see Åland War), the Caucasus (1853–1855), the White Sea (July–August 1854) and the North Pacific (1854–1855).

Sevastopol finally fell after eleven months, after the French had assaulted Fort Malakoff. Isolated and facing a bleak prospect of invasion by the West if the war continued, Russia sued for peace in March 1856. France and Britain welcomed the development, owing to the conflict's domestic unpopularity. The Treaty of Paris, signed on 30 March 1856, ended the war. It forbade Russia from basing warships in the Black Sea. The Ottoman vassal states of Wallachia and Moldavia became largely independent. Christians there gained a degree of official equality, and the Orthodox Church regained control of the Christian churches in dispute.[7]

The Crimean War was one of the first conflicts in which military forces used modern technologies such as explosive naval shells, railways and telegraphs.[8] The war was one of the first to be documented extensively in written reports and in photographs. The war quickly became a symbol of logistical, medical and tactical failures and of mismanagement. The reaction in Britain led to a demand for professionalisation of medicine, most famously achieved by Florence Nightingale, who gained worldwide attention for pioneering modern nursing while she treated the wounded.

The Crimean War marked a turning point for the Russian Empire. The war weakened the Imperial Russian Army, drained the treasury and undermined Russia's influence in Europe. The empire would take decades to recover. Russia's humiliation forced its educated elites to identify its problems and to recognise the need for fundamental reforms. They saw rapid modernisation as the sole way to recover the empire's status as a European power. The war thus became a catalyst for reforms of Russia's social institutions, including the abolition of serfdom and overhauls in the justice system, local self-government, education and military service.

[jusplay4fun]

A battle, but not in the traditional military sense, BUT important in many ways:

The Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Springtime of the Peoples[2] or the Springtime of Nations, were a series of political upheavals throughout Europe starting in 1848. It remains the most widespread revolutionary wave in European history to date.

The revolutions were essentially democratic and liberal in nature, with the aim of removing the old monarchical structures and creating independent nation-states, as envisioned by romantic nationalism. The revolutions spread across Europe after an initial revolution began in France in February. Over 50 countries were affected, but with no significant coordination or cooperation among their respective revolutionaries. Some of the major contributing factors were widespread dissatisfaction with political leadership, demands for more participation in government and democracy, demands for freedom of the press, other demands made by the working class for economic rights, the upsurge of nationalism, the regrouping of established government forces,[3] and the European Potato Failure, which triggered mass starvation, migration, and civil unrest.[4]

The uprisings were led by temporary coalitions of reformers, the middle classes (the bourgeoisie) and workers;[5] however, the coalitions did not hold together for long. Many of the revolutions were quickly suppressed, as tens of thousands of people were killed, and many more were forced into exile. Significant lasting reforms included the abolition of serfdom in Austria and Hungary, the end of absolute monarchy in Denmark, and the introduction of representative democracy in the Netherlands. The revolutions were most important in France, the Netherlands, Italy, the Austrian Empire, and the states of the German Confederation that would make up the German Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848

[ConfederateSS]

Crimean War
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_War

The Crimean War[e] (October 1853 - February 1856)[4] was a military conflict in which Russia was defeated by an allied force consisting of the Ottoman Empire, United Kingdom, Piedmont-Sardinia, and France. The immediate cause of the war involved the rights of Christian minorities in Palestine (then part of the Ottoman Empire) with the French promoting the rights of Roman Catholics, and Russia promoting those of the Eastern Orthodox Church. Longer-term causes involved the decline of the Ottoman Empire, the expansion of the Russian Empire in the preceding Russo-Turkish Wars, and the British and French preference to preserve the Ottoman Empire to maintain the balance of power in the Concert of Europe.

The churches worked out their differences with the Ottomans and came to an agreement, but both the French Emperor Napoleon III and the Russian Tsar Nicholas I refused to back down. Nicholas issued an ultimatum that demanded the Orthodox subjects of the Ottoman Empire be placed under his protection. Britain attempted to mediate and arranged a compromise to which Nicholas agreed. When the Ottomans demanded changes to the agreement, Nicholas recanted and prepared for war.

In July 1853, Russian troops occupied the Danubian Principalities[4] (now part of Romania but then under Ottoman suzerainty). In October 1853, having obtained promises of support from France and Britain, the Ottomans declared war on Russia.[5] Led by Omar Pasha, the Ottomans fought a strong defensive campaign and stopped the Russian advance at Silistra (now in Bulgaria). A separate action on the fort town of Kars, in Western Armenia, led to a siege, and an Ottoman attempt to reinforce the garrison was destroyed by a Russian fleet at the Battle of Sinop in November 1853. Fearing an Ottoman collapse, the British and the French had their fleets enter the Black Sea in January 1854.[6] They moved north to Varna in June 1854 and arrived just in time for the Russians to abandon Silistra.

After a minor skirmish at Köstence (now Constanța), the allied commanders decided to attack Russia's main naval base in the Black Sea, Sevastopol, on the Crimean Peninsula. After extended preparations, allied forces landed on the peninsula in September 1854 and marched their way to a point south of Sevastopol after they had won the Battle of the Alma on 20 September 1854. The Russians counterattacked on 25 October in what became the Battle of Balaclava and were repulsed, but the British Army's forces were seriously depleted as a result. A second Russian counterattack, at Inkerman (November 1854), ended in a stalemate as well. The front settled into the siege of Sevastopol, involving brutal conditions for troops on both sides. Smaller military actions took place in the Baltic (1854–1856; see Åland War), the Caucasus (1853–1855), the White Sea (July–August 1854) and the North Pacific (1854–1855).

Sevastopol finally fell after eleven months, after the French had assaulted Fort Malakoff. Isolated and facing a bleak prospect of invasion by the West if the war continued, Russia sued for peace in March 1856. France and Britain welcomed the development, owing to the conflict's domestic unpopularity. The Treaty of Paris, signed on 30 March 1856, ended the war. It forbade Russia from basing warships in the Black Sea. The Ottoman vassal states of Wallachia and Moldavia became largely independent. Christians there gained a degree of official equality, and the Orthodox Church regained control of the Christian churches in dispute.[7]

The Crimean War was one of the first conflicts in which military forces used modern technologies such as explosive naval shells, railways and telegraphs.[8] The war was one of the first to be documented extensively in written reports and in photographs. The war quickly became a symbol of logistical, medical and tactical failures and of mismanagement. The reaction in Britain led to a demand for professionalisation of medicine, most famously achieved by Florence Nightingale, who gained worldwide attention for pioneering modern nursing while she treated the wounded.

The Crimean War marked a turning point for the Russian Empire. The war weakened the Imperial Russian Army, drained the treasury and undermined Russia's influence in Europe. The empire would take decades to recover. Russia's humiliation forced its educated elites to identify its problems and to recognise the need for fundamental reforms. They saw rapid modernisation as the sole way to recover the empire's status as a European power. The war thus became a catalyst for reforms of Russia's social institutions, including the abolition of serfdom and overhauls in the justice system, local self-government, education and military service.

----------------Not just about Russia...France was on a slide since the Napoleonic Wars....

--------------------It lead to Great Britain realizing Their once mighty Armed Forces suck, to soft and A shadow of of it's former self...They let themselves go so to speak...Letting their former Glory days, run their way of strategy....A good example , The USA from 1918 A.D. through 1945 A.D....When The Korean Police Action(war)...America had cut it's forces , was not ready for war in Korea...Anyway....England's troops were ill prepared was an understatement......Which lead to one of England's greatest battle defeats...But one Hell of a Poem....The Charge...Much like America's Custer....The British ....had Tennyson's poem... "THE CHARGE OF THE LIGHT BRIGADE!!!!"....Cannons to the right,left,front of them(I put all 3 together)...,Into The Valley of Death ...Rode the 600...Pretty much sums up the British Army in The Crimean War....I guess Wiki forgot that part...It was like watching a bunch of Empire Zombies battling it out...... ConfederateSS.out!(The Blue and Silver Rebellion)...

--------You need to put some Things in your war history Jp4fun...You have fun in your name... ...You can't just wiki it the whole way...